Glossary
Acid: A substance defined by the 3 acid base theories. The Lewis Theory, which is the most broad, states:
Arrhenius Theory:
Strength: An acid or bases ability to dissociate in a solution. A strong acid or base dissociates completely in a solution, and a weak acid or base dissociates only partially, or not at all in a solution.
Concentration: The amount of substance per unit volume. Concentration is often expressed as Molarity.
Molarity: A measure of the molar concentration of H+ or OH- ions, depending on whether the solution is an acid or a base.
Conjugate Acid: A conjugate acid is the substance created after the base receives an H+ ion in a chemical reaction.
Conjugate Base: A conjugate base is the substance created after the acid donates an H+ ion in a chemical reaction.
Indicator: Indicators identify substances as acidic, basic or neutral.
Phenolphthalein: A liquid indicator which changes the color of the solution it is placed in.
Litmus Paper: A paper indicator that is placed in solutions to determine whether they are acidic, basic or neutral. It comes in two colors: red and blue.
Universal Indicator: The third common indicator which identifies whether the solution is acidic, basic or neutral, as well as its pH value.
Neutralization: When an acid combines equally with a base, alkali, metal or carbonate to create a salt and other other by-products.
Titration: A process in which a neutralization reaction in performed to find the
unknown molarity of solution using a solution with a known molarity.
Rough Titration: Performed to find the approximate amount of acid needed to neutralize a base, or the approximate amount of base needed to neutralize an acid.
Exact Titration: Performed to find the exact amount of acid needed to neutralize a base, or the exact amount of base needed to neutralize an acid.
pH: A quantitative measure of whether a liquid is an acid, base or neutral solution. It measures the hydrogen ion concentration of the solution.
pOH: A quantitative measure of whether a liquid is an acid, base or neutral solution. It measures the hydroxide ion concentration of the solution.
Buffers: A solution of a weak acid and its conjugate base, or a weak base and its conjugate acid, which resists change in pH.
- Acids are electron pair acceptors
- Bases are electron pair donors
Arrhenius Theory:
- Acids are substances that produce hydrogen ions (or H+ ions) when in water
- Bases are substances that produce hydroxide ions (or OH- ions) when in water
- Acids are proton [hydrogen ions (or H+ ions)] donors
- Bases are proton [hydroxide ion (OH-)] receivers
- Acids are electron pair acceptors
- Bases are electron pair donors
Strength: An acid or bases ability to dissociate in a solution. A strong acid or base dissociates completely in a solution, and a weak acid or base dissociates only partially, or not at all in a solution.
Concentration: The amount of substance per unit volume. Concentration is often expressed as Molarity.
Molarity: A measure of the molar concentration of H+ or OH- ions, depending on whether the solution is an acid or a base.
Conjugate Acid: A conjugate acid is the substance created after the base receives an H+ ion in a chemical reaction.
Conjugate Base: A conjugate base is the substance created after the acid donates an H+ ion in a chemical reaction.
Indicator: Indicators identify substances as acidic, basic or neutral.
Phenolphthalein: A liquid indicator which changes the color of the solution it is placed in.
Litmus Paper: A paper indicator that is placed in solutions to determine whether they are acidic, basic or neutral. It comes in two colors: red and blue.
Universal Indicator: The third common indicator which identifies whether the solution is acidic, basic or neutral, as well as its pH value.
Neutralization: When an acid combines equally with a base, alkali, metal or carbonate to create a salt and other other by-products.
Titration: A process in which a neutralization reaction in performed to find the
unknown molarity of solution using a solution with a known molarity.
Rough Titration: Performed to find the approximate amount of acid needed to neutralize a base, or the approximate amount of base needed to neutralize an acid.
Exact Titration: Performed to find the exact amount of acid needed to neutralize a base, or the exact amount of base needed to neutralize an acid.
pH: A quantitative measure of whether a liquid is an acid, base or neutral solution. It measures the hydrogen ion concentration of the solution.
pOH: A quantitative measure of whether a liquid is an acid, base or neutral solution. It measures the hydroxide ion concentration of the solution.
Buffers: A solution of a weak acid and its conjugate base, or a weak base and its conjugate acid, which resists change in pH.